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                  <text>&lt;em&gt;Kinematograph Weekly &lt;/em&gt;/ &lt;em&gt;Ideal Kinema&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                  <text>trade press scans</text>
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                  <text>Items relating to projectionists from the trade papers &lt;em&gt;Kinematograph Weekly &lt;/em&gt;and its supplement &lt;em&gt;The Ideal Kinema&lt;/em&gt;. All items used with permission from Screen International.&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>This cartoon, from December 1922, highlights a number of topical issues relating to film projection and good presentation. In the cartoon the projectionist can be seen running a film at a speed far greater than that intended. Before the arrival of sound, which required precise projection speeds, the playback speed of a projector was not standardised. The audience members shielding their eyes relates to debates that were taking place at the time about the effect of projection speeds on people's eyes, with some claiming that projecting at faster speeds caused eye-strain. &#13;
&#13;
The warden wearing the KRS helmet is a representative of the Kinematograph Renters' Society, the organisation responsible for distributing film prints. During this period there was significant discussion in the trade press regarding film damage and the poor standards of projection that resulted. High speed projection was just one potential cause of film damage, but here we see the literalisation and personification of the hypothetical 'bad projectionist' and the affected organisation, battling for good projection standards, with the audience as suffering bystanders.&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Kinematograph Weekly&lt;/em&gt;, 21 December 1922, p. 34</text>
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1920s</text>
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              <text>What we used to do, we used to open... We used to go... And I’ll talk you through it ‘cos it always makes me laugh. And Jack Spittle who was the senior projectionist at the time, the old projectionist. So we used to laugh because we used to go through this routine, we used to go... It used to be like being on a ship. It used to be “House lights to half, Mr Corfield.” “House lights to half, Mr Spittle.” And we used to take... We had little dials, knobs, that we used to take down, so we used to take the house lights to half. “Projector turn on.” “Projector turn on.” So we’d turn the projector on. But then with the take up of the film, because the film would sag, because the take up of the 12,000 foot spool wouldn’t take up quick enough. So while you were doing with one hand various things you’d have to hold the film until it took up. If you didn’t it’d snap the film. So the film would still carry on going through the gate but end up on the floor and then you’d have to stop it really quickly, and when you’d try and stop it before you obviously opened the douser, which is obviously what lets the light on the screen, and then you’d see the film. So obviously we’d open the douser, open the shutter and away we’d go, whilst taking the house lights to half. So you’d got your house lights to half, you’d run your projector, you take your spotlights down, which’d be at the front of the screen which’d be shining on the tabs, the curtains, the tabs. So then obviously what you do then is you press button, button, button, dial, dial, dial, and open it all lovely, so it’d open up with the Cannon cinemas ident as all the lights would drop down. This of course making sure the film hasn’t broken and also bringing the sound off so we hadn’t got a bang, ‘cause when a join goes through it bangs. Fading the sound down and fading the sound up. So of course once you’ve done your adverts you have to do the same thing again for your trailers, you’d bring the tabs down. You wouldn’t put your house lights up but you’d bring the tabs down and you’d bring your stage lights up to half, so you’d do that. So it’s called presentation. So we’d do all that and then we’d stop for an ice-cream sale and we’d put a spotlight on and do the ice-cream sale and then we’d start the main feature and away we’d go. So that’s what we’d do. And then we’d have to be down there five minutes from the end. We’d go down periodically and check, we’d stay there and make sure it was in the right ratio, any hair in the gate, anything like that, and you’d have to try and remove it because you couldn’t stop the show – all these little tricks that you learnt over the time.</text>
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                <text>Starting a performance (Mick Corfield)</text>
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                <text>Projectionist and BECTU representative Mick Corfield describes the process of starting a performance.</text>
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 Reel Cinema, 12 Hagley Road West, Birmingham</text>
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              <text>There was no formal training at all. Not at all. I literally learned lacing up by standing behind projectionists and watching them. And then I was allowed to do it myself. But where we extolled in my opinion was, we were taught showmanship. How to put a film on the screen. One of Frank Saunders’s … one of the things he drummed into me from the very first day I met him, I think maybe the second day, we stood at the back of the auditorium in the morning and the screen was open. The tabs were open, the skirtings were open. And he said, “Mike,” he said, “you see that down there? It’s the screen,” he said, “and I never want to see that again.” And I sort of looked at him, gone off, and I said, “What do you mean?” He said, “That screen there,” he said, “when the tabs open it’s the punters’ window on the world. They don’t want to see a screen, they want to see a picture on the screen and lose themselves in their imagination.” He said, “That's the job that we do. If you show them the screen, they lose the imagination, it becomes a picture on a screen instead of a picture in its own right.” He said, “I never, ever want to see you open those curtains on a blank screen.” And I only ever done it once and he sent me home. Literally, I thought I’d had the sack. Said, “You don’t do that in my theatre, you go home now and think about it”. Remember in those days visiting the cinema was a night out. So if you could extend the night out for the enjoyment of the audience, that's what showmanship is all about. If people can come out and they’ve been to Brazil and they’ve been to London and they’ve been to Rome and they’ve enjoyed the experience you feel good. You really do feel good. It’s a strange thing. When I … for a short time I was trainee manager, assistant manager, and I used to stand at the back of the audience at night when they were coming out, as the cur… the tabs closed, and stand at the back of the audience and it was good to feel how they felt. ‘Cause it would emanate from them. And you could tell that an audience had been entertained, you could feel it. And at that … it made you feel good, that you knew the performance had been a success. It’s a little like … and it comes from the stage days, you know, you’re only happy with a stage production if the whole production has gone right. We used to feel the same about the cinema. It had to run right, it had to give people entertainment. It had to feel as though they moved into a magic kingdom. That’s what cinema was all about. It should still be all about but it’s not unfortunately. But that's the showmanship, you just felt satisfaction with the job. A lot of cinemas didn’t bother, you had no showmanship in a lot of the suburban cinemas, would be lights out, screen open. And that was it. And there was an awful lot of that going on. An awful lot. They used to make us feel a little sick, you know, seeing the way we projected film and seeing the way somebody else, oh, dear me. Really terrible, really terrible and I mean, I, I went not long, not long before I got married, I went as a chief operator to the Capital Cinema in Blackwood. And it was run on a shoestring, literally, absolutely literally. Only two operators there</text>
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              <text>There were so many other jobs that a projectionist used to do beside projecting film. Electrical cleaning, all the signage in the cinema would be cleaned by the projectionists, some degree of painting would be done by projectionists, rewiring would be done by projectionists. So it was quite a complex job besides showing film. We even looked after the heating in the cinema. Constant trips down to the boiler room to make sure the boiler was blowing all right, you know. All part of the job, all part of the job. I used to hate cleaning … my favourite hate job really was cleaning house lights where you would have to go up into the ceiling void and take these sheets of glass out looking down at the bottom of the cinema, sort of thing. Dangerous, but we never thought about it. Go up there with buckets of hot water and wash the nicotine, such a filthy job, all part of the job, you know. You’d go in early that morning, get up there and start scrubbing house light fittings and hope you’d be finished by the time the show started. I fell through the ceiling in the cinema once, at the Olympia. Again it wasn’t long after we’d been converted and we’d started working in the morning on reinstalling a microphone run. And we got as far as both sides of the stage, went up to start the show. Now Frank Saunders said to me, trusting guy, he says, “Mike,” he said, “you might as well go down there and put that run in while the show’s on.” He said, “Don’t make too much noise, but run it up over the top, straight across the ceiling, down the other side,” he said, “and we’ll finish it off tomorrow.” “Oh,” I thought, “this is nice, I’m trusted.” So up I climbed, up the cat ladders behind the screen, right up on top of the proc arch that used to be, which was a new, false ceiling. Brand new in fact. And I started to lay the cabling across and I stepped backwards without stepping on a rafter and it was just plasterboard. And I landed on the stage, really, really … it was quite a drop, if you can imagine a Todd-AO screen which is quite a height, you know, and I went right down the front of that, landed on the floor, the hammer went flying out into the audience, luckily there weren’t many people there. But there was one guy in the front clapping. And I was quite upset, I said, “Are you being funny?” “No,” he said, “good effect that!” And we never found the hammer. Never, ever found that hammer. But it was right up until the days I stopped going to that cinema even as a cinema goer it still had a patch in the ceiling, it used to break my heart every time I seen it. It was a round patch in the ceiling where Michael had fallen through, the chief had … he spent a lot of time, Frank, cutting out a piece of plasterboard to fit that hole and getting it up, up there and painting it so people wouldn’t know I’d done it.</text>
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